I’d long known that ancient Chinese exams tested knowledge of Confucian ethics, and involved memorization. But this lady really does a wonderful job of explaining the bigger picture of the historical Chinese meritocracy.
The Myth of Meritocracy: How Exams Helped Build an Empire
Now, I tend to take the uncommon position. I take the position that their pseudo-meritocracy might be the best system possible - even better than a pure meritocracy.